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Что (кто) такое superconductivity$80307$ - определение
SUPERCONDUCTIVE MATERIALS NOT EXPLAINED BY EXISTING ESTABLISHED THEORIES
Unconventional superconductors; Unconventional superconductivity
History of superconductivity
![Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (right), the discoverer of superconductivity. [[Paul Ehrenfest]], [[Hendrik Lorentz]], [[Niels Bohr]] stand to his left.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ehrenfest Lorentz Bohr Kamerlingh Onnes.jpg?width=200 "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (right), the discoverer of superconductivity. [[Paul Ehrenfest]], [[Hendrik Lorentz]], [[Niels Bohr]] stand to his left.")
![equation of state]], the critical-point parameters of gases could be accurately predicted from thermodynamic measurements made at much higher temperatures. [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] was influenced by the work of Van der Waals.<ref>Shachtman, Tom: ''[[Absolute Zero]] and the Conquest of Cold''. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999)</ref><ref>Sengers, Johanna Levelt: ''How Fluids Unmix: Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes''. (Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002)</ref><ref>Van Delft, Dirk: ''Freezing Physics: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the Quest for Cold''. (Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2008)</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Johannes Diderik van der Waals.jpg?width=200 "equation of state]], the critical-point parameters of gases could be accurately predicted from thermodynamic measurements made at much higher temperatures. [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] was influenced by the work of Van der Waals.<ref>Shachtman, Tom: ''[[Absolute Zero]] and the Conquest of Cold''. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999)</ref><ref>Sengers, Johanna Levelt: ''How Fluids Unmix: Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes''. (Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002)</ref><ref>Van Delft, Dirk: ''Freezing Physics: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the Quest for Cold''. (Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nerlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2008)</ref>")
![In 1908, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes became the first to make [[liquid helium]] and this led directly to his 1911 discovery of superconductivity.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kamerlingh Onnes signed.jpg?width=200 "In 1908, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes became the first to make [[liquid helium]] and this led directly to his 1911 discovery of superconductivity.")
WIKIMEDIA HISTORY ARTICLE
Superconductivity is the phenomenon of certain materials exhibiting zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields below a characteristic temperature. The history of superconductivity began with Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's discovery of superconductivity in mercury in 1911.
Color superconductivity
PREDICTED PHENOMENON IN QUARK MATTER
Colour superconductor; Diquark condensate; Color superconductor; Color superconducting; Colour superconductivity
Color superconductivity is a phenomenon predicted to occur in quark matter if the baryon density is sufficiently high (well above nuclear density) and the temperature is not too high (well below 1012 kelvins). Color superconducting phases are to be contrasted with the normal phase of quark matter, which is just a weakly interacting Fermi liquid of quarks.
High-temperature superconductivity
![rare-earths]]. BSCCO is a [[cuprate superconductor]] based on [[bismuth]] and [[strontium]]. Thanks to its higher operating temperature, cuprates are now becoming competitors for more ordinary [[niobium]]-based superconductors, as well as [[magnesium diboride]] superconductors.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BI2223-piece3 001.jpg?width=200 "rare-earths]]. BSCCO is a [[cuprate superconductor]] based on [[bismuth]] and [[strontium]]. Thanks to its higher operating temperature, cuprates are now becoming competitors for more ordinary [[niobium]]-based superconductors, as well as [[magnesium diboride]] superconductors.")
![Crystal lattice of Cuprate of Bismuth and Strontium ([[BSCCO]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bscco lattice.png?width=200 "Crystal lattice of Cuprate of Bismuth and Strontium ([[BSCCO]])")
![Small magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor cooled by [[liquid nitrogen]]: this is a case of [[Meissner effect]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Meissner effect p1390048.jpg?width=200 "Small magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor cooled by [[liquid nitrogen]]: this is a case of [[Meissner effect]].")
![[[Phase diagram]] for high-temperature superconductors based on iron.<ref name="Kordyuk2012"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Phase diagram of the 122 family of ferro-pnictides.png?width=200 "[[Phase diagram]] for high-temperature superconductors based on iron.<ref name=\"Kordyuk2012\"/>")
![Timeline of superconductor discoveries. On the right one can see the liquid nitrogen temperature, which usually divides superconductors at high from superconductors at low temperatures. [[Cuprate]]s are displayed as blue diamonds, and [[iron-based superconductor]]s as yellow squares. [[Magnesium diboride]] and other low-temperature or high-pressure metallic [[BCS superconductor]]s are displayed for reference as green circles.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Timeline of Superconductivity from 1900 to 2015.svg?width=200 "Timeline of superconductor discoveries. On the right one can see the liquid nitrogen temperature, which usually divides superconductors at high from superconductors at low temperatures. [[Cuprate]]s are displayed as blue diamonds, and [[iron-based superconductor]]s as yellow squares. [[Magnesium diboride]] and other low-temperature or high-pressure metallic [[BCS superconductor]]s are displayed for reference as green circles.")
MATERIALS THAT BEHAVE AS SUPERCONDUCTORS AT UNUSUALLY HIGH TEMPERATURES
High-temperature superconductors; High-temperature superconductor; High temperature superconductor; High temperature superconductivity; HTSC; High temperature superconductors; Fermi surface of superconducting cuprates; Fermi surface of HTSC; Fermi surface of CuO plane; Fermi surface of BSCCO; Fermiology of HTSC; High-Temperature Superconducting; High-temperature superconducter; High-temperature Superconductivity; HgBa2Ca2Cu3Ox; High-temperature superconducting; High Temperature Superconductivity; HTC superconductor
High-temperature superconductors (abbreviated high-c or HTS) are operatively defined as materials that behave as superconductors at temperatures above , the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, one of the simplest coolants in cryogenics.
Википедия
Unconventional superconductor
Unconventional superconductors are materials that display superconductivity which does not conform to either the conventional BCS theory or Nikolay Bogolyubov's theory or its extensions.
